diff --git a/public/robot_kinematics_three_test.html b/public/robot_kinematics_three_test.html
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@@ -0,0 +1,1119 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="zh-CN">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+    <title>URDF KDL Three.js Test</title>
+    <style>
+      :root {
+        --bg: #eef2f5;
+        --surface: #ffffff;
+        --surface-2: #f6f8fa;
+        --line: #cfd8df;
+        --text: #17212b;
+        --muted: #5d6975;
+        --primary: #006d77;
+        --primary-strong: #005760;
+        --accent: #b84a36;
+        --ok: #1f7a4d;
+        --danger: #a7352a;
+        --shadow: 0 14px 36px rgba(23, 33, 43, 0.1);
+      }
+
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+
+      html,
+      body {
+        width: 100%;
+        min-height: 100%;
+      }
+
+      body {
+        margin: 0;
+        font-family:
+          "Segoe UI",
+          "Microsoft YaHei",
+          Arial,
+          sans-serif;
+        color: var(--text);
+        background: var(--bg);
+      }
+
+      button,
+      input,
+      select,
+      textarea {
+        font: inherit;
+      }
+
+      button {
+        min-height: 46px;
+        border: 1px solid transparent;
+        border-radius: 8px;
+        padding: 0 14px;
+        color: #fff;
+        background: var(--primary);
+        font-weight: 600;
+        cursor: pointer;
+        transition:
+          background 180ms ease,
+          border-color 180ms ease,
+          color 180ms ease,
+          opacity 180ms ease;
+      }
+
+      button:hover {
+        background: var(--primary-strong);
+      }
+
+      button:focus-visible,
+      input:focus-visible,
+      textarea:focus-visible {
+        outline: 3px solid rgba(0, 109, 119, 0.28);
+        outline-offset: 2px;
+      }
+
+      button.secondary {
+        color: var(--text);
+        border-color: var(--line);
+        background: #fff;
+      }
+
+      button.secondary:hover {
+        border-color: var(--primary);
+        color: var(--primary);
+        background: #f7fbfb;
+      }
+
+      button:disabled {
+        cursor: not-allowed;
+        opacity: 0.5;
+      }
+
+      label {
+        display: block;
+        margin: 0 0 6px;
+        color: var(--muted);
+        font-size: 13px;
+        font-weight: 600;
+      }
+
+      input,
+      textarea {
+        width: 100%;
+        min-height: 44px;
+        border: 1px solid var(--line);
+        border-radius: 8px;
+        padding: 9px 10px;
+        color: var(--text);
+        background: #fff;
+      }
+
+      input[type="range"] {
+        min-height: 28px;
+        padding: 0;
+        accent-color: var(--primary);
+      }
+
+      textarea {
+        min-height: 184px;
+        resize: vertical;
+        font:
+          12px/1.5 Consolas,
+          "Courier New",
+          monospace;
+      }
+
+      .app {
+        display: grid;
+        grid-template-columns: minmax(336px, 420px) minmax(0, 1fr);
+        min-height: 100dvh;
+      }
+
+      .side {
+        display: flex;
+        flex-direction: column;
+        gap: 16px;
+        padding: 18px;
+        border-right: 1px solid var(--line);
+        background: var(--surface);
+        box-shadow: var(--shadow);
+        z-index: 2;
+      }
+
+      .title-block {
+        display: grid;
+        gap: 8px;
+      }
+
+      .title-block h1 {
+        margin: 0;
+        font-size: 22px;
+        line-height: 1.2;
+      }
+
+      .status-row {
+        display: flex;
+        flex-wrap: wrap;
+        gap: 8px;
+        align-items: center;
+      }
+
+      .pill {
+        min-height: 28px;
+        display: inline-flex;
+        align-items: center;
+        border: 1px solid var(--line);
+        border-radius: 999px;
+        padding: 3px 10px;
+        color: var(--muted);
+        background: var(--surface-2);
+        font-size: 12px;
+        font-weight: 700;
+      }
+
+      .pill.ok {
+        border-color: rgba(31, 122, 77, 0.24);
+        color: var(--ok);
+        background: rgba(31, 122, 77, 0.08);
+      }
+
+      .pill.error {
+        border-color: rgba(167, 53, 42, 0.24);
+        color: var(--danger);
+        background: rgba(167, 53, 42, 0.08);
+      }
+
+      .panel {
+        display: grid;
+        gap: 12px;
+        border: 1px solid var(--line);
+        border-radius: 8px;
+        padding: 14px;
+        background: var(--surface-2);
+      }
+
+      .panel h2 {
+        margin: 0;
+        font-size: 15px;
+        line-height: 1.25;
+      }
+
+      .form-grid {
+        display: grid;
+        grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
+        gap: 10px;
+      }
+
+      .field.full {
+        grid-column: 1 / -1;
+      }
+
+      .joint-row {
+        display: grid;
+        grid-template-columns: 34px minmax(0, 1fr) 84px;
+        gap: 8px;
+        align-items: center;
+      }
+
+      .joint-row span {
+        color: var(--muted);
+        font-size: 13px;
+        font-weight: 700;
+      }
+
+      .actions {
+        display: grid;
+        grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
+        gap: 10px;
+      }
+
+      .scene-wrap {
+        position: relative;
+        min-width: 0;
+        min-height: 100dvh;
+        overflow: hidden;
+        background: #dfe7ec;
+      }
+
+      #scene {
+        display: block;
+        width: 100%;
+        height: 100%;
+        min-height: 100dvh;
+      }
+
+      .scene-toolbar {
+        position: absolute;
+        top: 16px;
+        right: 16px;
+        display: flex;
+        flex-wrap: wrap;
+        justify-content: flex-end;
+        gap: 8px;
+        max-width: min(520px, calc(100% - 32px));
+      }
+
+      .metric {
+        min-width: 112px;
+        border: 1px solid rgba(207, 216, 223, 0.9);
+        border-radius: 8px;
+        padding: 8px 10px;
+        background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.86);
+        backdrop-filter: blur(8px);
+      }
+
+      .metric-label {
+        display: block;
+        color: var(--muted);
+        font-size: 11px;
+        font-weight: 700;
+      }
+
+      .metric-value {
+        display: block;
+        margin-top: 3px;
+        color: var(--text);
+        font-size: 13px;
+        font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
+        font-weight: 700;
+        word-break: break-word;
+      }
+
+      .request-output {
+        display: grid;
+        gap: 10px;
+      }
+
+      .split-output {
+        display: grid;
+        gap: 10px;
+      }
+
+      .toast {
+        position: fixed;
+        left: 50%;
+        bottom: 18px;
+        transform: translateX(-50%);
+        max-width: min(560px, calc(100vw - 32px));
+        border: 1px solid rgba(23, 33, 43, 0.12);
+        border-radius: 8px;
+        padding: 10px 12px;
+        color: #fff;
+        background: rgba(23, 33, 43, 0.92);
+        box-shadow: var(--shadow);
+        opacity: 0;
+        pointer-events: none;
+        transition:
+          opacity 180ms ease,
+          transform 180ms ease;
+        z-index: 10;
+      }
+
+      .toast.show {
+        opacity: 1;
+        transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-4px);
+      }
+
+      @media (max-width: 940px) {
+        .app {
+          grid-template-columns: 1fr;
+        }
+
+        .side {
+          border-right: 0;
+          border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
+          box-shadow: none;
+        }
+
+        .scene-wrap,
+        #scene {
+          min-height: 58dvh;
+        }
+      }
+
+      @media (max-width: 560px) {
+        .side {
+          padding: 14px;
+        }
+
+        .form-grid,
+        .actions {
+          grid-template-columns: 1fr;
+        }
+
+        .joint-row {
+          grid-template-columns: 30px minmax(0, 1fr);
+        }
+
+        .joint-row input[type="number"] {
+          grid-column: 2;
+        }
+      }
+
+      @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+        *,
+        *::before,
+        *::after {
+          scroll-behavior: auto !important;
+          transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
+          animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
+        }
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <main class="app">
+      <aside class="side" aria-label="运动学控制">
+        <section class="title-block">
+          <h1>URDF / Orocos KDL 运动学测试</h1>
+          <div class="status-row">
+            <span class="pill" id="wasm-status">WASM 未初始化</span>
+            <span class="pill" id="solver-status">等待请求</span>
+          </div>
+        </section>
+
+        <section class="panel">
+          <h2>机器人</h2>
+          <div class="form-grid">
+            <div class="field full">
+              <label for="robot-uuid">robot_uuid</label>
+              <input id="robot-uuid" value="abb_irb120_3_58" />
+            </div>
+          </div>
+          <div class="actions">
+            <button id="init-btn" type="button">初始化</button>
+            <button id="reset-btn" class="secondary" type="button">零位</button>
+          </div>
+        </section>
+
+        <section class="panel">
+          <h2>关节角</h2>
+          <div id="joint-controls"></div>
+          <div class="actions">
+            <button id="fk-btn" type="button">正解</button>
+            <button id="target-current-btn" class="secondary" type="button">
+              取当前位姿
+            </button>
+          </div>
+        </section>
+
+        <section class="panel">
+          <h2>逆解目标</h2>
+          <div class="form-grid">
+            <div class="field">
+              <label for="target-x">X</label>
+              <input id="target-x" type="number" step="0.001" value="0" />
+            </div>
+            <div class="field">
+              <label for="target-y">Y</label>
+              <input id="target-y" type="number" step="0.001" value="0" />
+            </div>
+            <div class="field">
+              <label for="target-z">Z</label>
+              <input id="target-z" type="number" step="0.001" value="0" />
+            </div>
+            <div class="field">
+              <label for="target-qx">QX</label>
+              <input id="target-qx" type="number" step="0.001" value="0" />
+            </div>
+            <div class="field">
+              <label for="target-qy">QY</label>
+              <input id="target-qy" type="number" step="0.001" value="0" />
+            </div>
+            <div class="field">
+              <label for="target-qz">QZ</label>
+              <input id="target-qz" type="number" step="0.001" value="0" />
+            </div>
+            <div class="field full">
+              <label for="target-qw">QW</label>
+              <input id="target-qw" type="number" step="0.001" value="1" />
+            </div>
+          </div>
+          <div class="actions">
+            <button id="ik-btn" type="button">逆解</button>
+            <button id="apply-ik-btn" class="secondary" type="button" disabled>
+              应用解
+            </button>
+          </div>
+        </section>
+
+        <section class="panel request-output">
+          <h2>JSON</h2>
+          <div class="split-output">
+            <div>
+              <label for="request-json">请求</label>
+              <textarea id="request-json" readonly></textarea>
+            </div>
+            <div>
+              <label for="response-json">响应</label>
+              <textarea id="response-json" readonly></textarea>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </section>
+      </aside>
+
+      <section class="scene-wrap" aria-label="三维视图">
+        <canvas id="scene"></canvas>
+        <div class="scene-toolbar">
+          <div class="metric">
+            <span class="metric-label">TCP</span>
+            <span class="metric-value" id="tcp-value">-</span>
+          </div>
+          <div class="metric">
+            <span class="metric-label">关节数</span>
+            <span class="metric-value" id="joint-count-value">0</span>
+          </div>
+          <div class="metric">
+            <span class="metric-label">three.js</span>
+            <span class="metric-value">0.184.0</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </section>
+    </main>
+
+    <div class="toast" id="toast" role="status" aria-live="polite"></div>
+
+    <script src="./wasm/smart_math.js"></script>
+    <script type="importmap">
+      {
+        "imports": {
+          "three": "https://unpkg.com/three@0.184.0/build/three.module.js",
+          "three/addons/": "https://unpkg.com/three@0.184.0/examples/jsm/"
+        }
+      }
+    </script>
+    <script type="module">
+      import * as THREE from "three";
+      import { OrbitControls } from "three/addons/controls/OrbitControls.js";
+      import SmartWasmAPI from "./wasm/smart_api_wrapper.js";
+
+      const api = new SmartWasmAPI();
+      const jointCount = 6;
+      const state = {
+        initialized: false,
+        joints: Array(jointCount).fill(0),
+        latestTcp: null,
+        latestIkJoints: null,
+        lastResponse: null,
+      };
+
+      const elements = {
+        canvas: document.getElementById("scene"),
+        wasmStatus: document.getElementById("wasm-status"),
+        solverStatus: document.getElementById("solver-status"),
+        robotUuid: document.getElementById("robot-uuid"),
+        jointControls: document.getElementById("joint-controls"),
+        requestJson: document.getElementById("request-json"),
+        responseJson: document.getElementById("response-json"),
+        targetX: document.getElementById("target-x"),
+        targetY: document.getElementById("target-y"),
+        targetZ: document.getElementById("target-z"),
+        targetQx: document.getElementById("target-qx"),
+        targetQy: document.getElementById("target-qy"),
+        targetQz: document.getElementById("target-qz"),
+        targetQw: document.getElementById("target-qw"),
+        tcpValue: document.getElementById("tcp-value"),
+        jointCountValue: document.getElementById("joint-count-value"),
+        toast: document.getElementById("toast"),
+        initBtn: document.getElementById("init-btn"),
+        resetBtn: document.getElementById("reset-btn"),
+        fkBtn: document.getElementById("fk-btn"),
+        ikBtn: document.getElementById("ik-btn"),
+        applyIkBtn: document.getElementById("apply-ik-btn"),
+        targetCurrentBtn: document.getElementById("target-current-btn"),
+      };
+
+      const scene = new THREE.Scene();
+      scene.background = new THREE.Color(0xdfe7ec);
+
+      const camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(45, 1, 0.01, 80);
+      camera.position.set(1.1, -1.75, 1.05);
+
+      const renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer({
+        canvas: elements.canvas,
+        antialias: true,
+      });
+      renderer.setPixelRatio(Math.min(window.devicePixelRatio || 1, 2));
+      renderer.shadowMap.enabled = true;
+      renderer.shadowMap.type = THREE.PCFSoftShadowMap;
+
+      const controls = new OrbitControls(camera, renderer.domElement);
+      controls.enableDamping = true;
+      controls.target.set(0.18, 0, 0.34);
+
+      const robotGroup = new THREE.Group();
+      const targetGroup = new THREE.Group();
+      scene.add(robotGroup, targetGroup);
+
+      const linkMaterial = new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({
+        color: 0x006d77,
+        metalness: 0.18,
+        roughness: 0.42,
+      });
+      const jointMaterial = new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({
+        color: 0xb84a36,
+        metalness: 0.08,
+        roughness: 0.5,
+      });
+      const tcpMaterial = new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({
+        color: 0x1f7a4d,
+        emissive: 0x0c3221,
+        emissiveIntensity: 0.14,
+      });
+      const targetMaterial = new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({
+        color: 0x6f3cc3,
+        metalness: 0.08,
+        roughness: 0.46,
+      });
+
+      scene.add(new THREE.HemisphereLight(0xffffff, 0x8ca2ad, 2.1));
+      const sun = new THREE.DirectionalLight(0xffffff, 2.2);
+      sun.position.set(3, -4, 5);
+      sun.castShadow = true;
+      sun.shadow.mapSize.set(2048, 2048);
+      scene.add(sun);
+
+      const grid = new THREE.GridHelper(2.6, 26, 0x60727e, 0xb9c4ca);
+      grid.rotation.x = Math.PI / 2;
+      scene.add(grid);
+      scene.add(new THREE.AxesHelper(0.36));
+
+      // 创建关节滑块和数值输入。
+      function createJointControls() {
+        elements.jointControls.innerHTML = "";
+        for (let index = 0; index < jointCount; index += 1) {
+          const row = document.createElement("div");
+          row.className = "joint-row";
+
+          const label = document.createElement("span");
+          label.textContent = `J${index + 1}`;
+
+          const range = document.createElement("input");
+          range.type = "range";
+          range.min = "-3.142";
+          range.max = "3.142";
+          range.step = "0.001";
+          range.value = "0";
+          range.dataset.index = String(index);
+          range.setAttribute("aria-label", `J${index + 1} 弧度滑块`);
+
+          const number = document.createElement("input");
+          number.type = "number";
+          number.min = "-3.142";
+          number.max = "3.142";
+          number.step = "0.001";
+          number.value = "0.000";
+          number.dataset.index = String(index);
+          number.setAttribute("aria-label", `J${index + 1} 弧度数值`);
+
+          row.append(label, range, number);
+          elements.jointControls.append(row);
+
+          range.addEventListener("input", handleJointInput);
+          number.addEventListener("change", handleJointInput);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // 响应关节输入变化，并保持滑块和数值框同步。
+      function handleJointInput(event) {
+        const index = Number(event.target.dataset.index);
+        const nextValue = clampJoint(Number(event.target.value));
+        state.joints[index] = nextValue;
+        syncJointControls();
+      }
+
+      // 限制关节输入范围。
+      function clampJoint(value) {
+        if (!Number.isFinite(value)) {
+          return 0;
+        }
+        return Math.max(-3.142, Math.min(3.142, value));
+      }
+
+      // 将当前关节状态写回所有控件。
+      function syncJointControls() {
+        const ranges = elements.jointControls.querySelectorAll(
+          'input[type="range"]',
+        );
+        const numbers = elements.jointControls.querySelectorAll(
+          'input[type="number"]',
+        );
+
+        ranges.forEach((input, index) => {
+          input.value = state.joints[index].toFixed(3);
+        });
+        numbers.forEach((input, index) => {
+          input.value = state.joints[index].toFixed(3);
+        });
+      }
+
+      // 生成接口需要的关节字符串。
+      function buildJointString(joints = state.joints) {
+        return joints.map((value) => Number(value).toFixed(6)).join(",");
+      }
+
+      // 生成正解请求。
+      function buildForwardAllJointsRequest() {
+        return {
+          msg: "threejs fk all joints",
+          req_code: `THREE_FK_${Date.now()}`,
+          req_from: "threejs_test",
+          req_cmd: "Cmd_Kinematics_forward_all_joints",
+          req_param: {
+            robot_uuid: elements.robotUuid.value.trim(),
+            joints_str: buildJointString(),
+          },
+        };
+      }
+
+      // 生成 TCP 正解请求。
+      function buildForwardPoseRequest() {
+        return {
+          msg: "threejs fk tcp",
+          req_code: `THREE_TCP_${Date.now()}`,
+          req_from: "threejs_test",
+          req_cmd: "Cmd_Kinematics_forward_pose_str",
+          req_param: {
+            robot_uuid: elements.robotUuid.value.trim(),
+            q_init_str: buildJointString(),
+          },
+        };
+      }
+
+      // 生成逆解请求。
+      function buildInverseRequest() {
+        const pose = [
+          elements.targetX.value,
+          elements.targetY.value,
+          elements.targetZ.value,
+          elements.targetQx.value,
+          elements.targetQy.value,
+          elements.targetQz.value,
+          elements.targetQw.value,
+        ]
+          .map((value) => Number(value || 0).toFixed(6))
+          .join(",");
+
+        return {
+          msg: "threejs ik",
+          req_code: `THREE_IK_${Date.now()}`,
+          req_from: "threejs_test",
+          req_cmd: "Cmd_Kinematics_inverse_pose_str_NoDifference",
+          req_param: {
+            robot_uuid: elements.robotUuid.value.trim(),
+            pose_str: pose,
+            q_init_str: buildJointString(),
+          },
+        };
+      }
+
+      // 初始化 WASM 业务接口。
+      async function initializeWasm() {
+        if (state.initialized) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        setBusy(true, "正在初始化");
+        try {
+          await api.initialize();
+          const response = await api.initializeBusinessApi();
+          state.initialized = response.success === true;
+          elements.wasmStatus.textContent = state.initialized
+            ? "WASM 已初始化"
+            : "WASM 初始化失败";
+          elements.wasmStatus.className = `pill ${
+            state.initialized ? "ok" : "error"
+          }`;
+          renderJson(null, response);
+          await runForwardKinematics();
+        } catch (error) {
+          showError(error);
+        } finally {
+          setBusy(false);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // 确保调用算法前已经完成初始化。
+      async function ensureInitialized() {
+        if (!state.initialized) {
+          await initializeWasm();
+        }
+      }
+
+      // 执行正解并刷新三维场景。
+      async function runForwardKinematics() {
+        await ensureInitialized();
+        setBusy(true, "正解计算中");
+
+        const skeletonRequest = buildForwardAllJointsRequest();
+        const tcpRequest = buildForwardPoseRequest();
+
+        try {
+          renderJson(skeletonRequest, null);
+          const [skeletonResponse, tcpResponse] = await Promise.all([
+            api.processBusinessRequest(skeletonRequest),
+            api.processBusinessRequest(tcpRequest),
+          ]);
+
+          state.lastResponse = skeletonResponse;
+          state.latestTcp = extractTcp(tcpResponse);
+          renderRobot(extractObjStates(skeletonResponse));
+          updateTcpTargetFromCurrent();
+          renderJson(skeletonRequest, {
+            skeleton: skeletonResponse,
+            tcp: tcpResponse,
+          });
+          setStatus("正解完成", true);
+        } catch (error) {
+          showError(error);
+        } finally {
+          setBusy(false);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // 执行逆解并保存待应用的关节解。
+      async function runInverseKinematics() {
+        await ensureInitialized();
+        setBusy(true, "逆解计算中");
+        drawTargetMarker(readTargetPose());
+
+        const request = buildInverseRequest();
+        try {
+          renderJson(request, null);
+          const response = await api.processBusinessRequest(request);
+          const solution = extractIkSolution(response);
+          state.latestIkJoints = solution;
+          elements.applyIkBtn.disabled = !solution;
+          renderJson(request, response);
+          setStatus(solution ? "逆解完成" : "逆解无解", Boolean(solution));
+          if (!solution) {
+            showToast("未取得可应用的关节解");
+          }
+        } catch (error) {
+          showError(error);
+        } finally {
+          setBusy(false);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // 应用最近一次逆解结果。
+      async function applyInverseSolution() {
+        if (!state.latestIkJoints) {
+          return;
+        }
+        state.joints = state.latestIkJoints.slice(0, jointCount).map(clampJoint);
+        syncJointControls();
+        await runForwardKinematics();
+      }
+
+      // 从正解响应中抽取关节对象状态。
+      function extractObjStates(response) {
+        const frames =
+          response?.res_data?.OPERATION?.OPERATION?.frames ??
+          response?.res_data?.OPERATION?.frames ??
+          [];
+        const frame = frames[0] || {};
+        return Array.isArray(frame.objStates) ? frame.objStates : [];
+      }
+
+      // 从 TCP 正解响应中抽取末端位姿。
+      function extractTcp(response) {
+        const position = response?.res_data?.position;
+        const orientation = response?.res_data?.orientation;
+        if (!Array.isArray(position) || !Array.isArray(orientation)) {
+          return null;
+        }
+
+        return {
+          position: position.map(Number),
+          orientation: orientation.map(Number),
+        };
+      }
+
+      // 从逆解响应中抽取最后一组关节解。
+      function extractIkSolution(response) {
+        const joints = response?.res_data?.joints;
+        if (!Array.isArray(joints) || joints.length === 0) {
+          return null;
+        }
+
+        const last = joints[joints.length - 1];
+        if (!Array.isArray(last) || last.length < jointCount) {
+          return null;
+        }
+
+        return last.map(Number);
+      }
+
+      // 将对象状态转换为累积世界位姿。
+      function toWorldPoints(objStates) {
+        const matrix = new THREE.Matrix4();
+        const world = new THREE.Matrix4();
+        const position = new THREE.Vector3();
+        const quaternion = new THREE.Quaternion();
+        const scale = new THREE.Vector3(1, 1, 1);
+        const points = [new THREE.Vector3(0, 0, 0)];
+
+        for (const item of objStates) {
+          position.set(Number(item.tx) || 0, Number(item.ty) || 0, Number(item.tz) || 0);
+          quaternion.set(
+            Number(item.qx) || 0,
+            Number(item.qy) || 0,
+            Number(item.qz) || 0,
+            Number(item.qw) || 1,
+          );
+          matrix.compose(position, quaternion.normalize(), scale);
+          world.multiply(matrix);
+          points.push(new THREE.Vector3().setFromMatrixPosition(world));
+        }
+
+        return points;
+      }
+
+      // 渲染机器人骨架、关节和 TCP。
+      function renderRobot(objStates) {
+        clearGroup(robotGroup);
+        const points = toWorldPoints(objStates);
+        elements.jointCountValue.textContent = String(Math.max(0, points.length - 1));
+
+        points.forEach((point, index) => {
+          const material = index === points.length - 1 ? tcpMaterial : jointMaterial;
+          const radius = index === points.length - 1 ? 0.032 : 0.026;
+          const joint = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.SphereGeometry(radius, 32, 16), material);
+          joint.position.copy(point);
+          joint.castShadow = true;
+          robotGroup.add(joint);
+        });
+
+        for (let index = 0; index < points.length - 1; index += 1) {
+          const link = createLink(points[index], points[index + 1]);
+          if (link) {
+            robotGroup.add(link);
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (state.latestTcp) {
+          const tcp = new THREE.AxesHelper(0.16);
+          tcp.position.fromArray(state.latestTcp.position);
+          const q = state.latestTcp.orientation;
+          tcp.quaternion.set(q[0], q[1], q[2], q[3]).normalize();
+          robotGroup.add(tcp);
+          elements.tcpValue.textContent = state.latestTcp.position
+            .map((value) => Number(value).toFixed(3))
+            .join(", ");
+        }
+
+        fitCamera(points);
+      }
+
+      // 创建两个关节点之间的连杆圆柱。
+      function createLink(start, end) {
+        const direction = new THREE.Vector3().subVectors(end, start);
+        const length = direction.length();
+        if (length < 0.001) {
+          return null;
+        }
+
+        const geometry = new THREE.CylinderGeometry(0.014, 0.014, length, 20);
+        const mesh = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, linkMaterial);
+        const midpoint = new THREE.Vector3().addVectors(start, end).multiplyScalar(0.5);
+        mesh.position.copy(midpoint);
+        mesh.quaternion.setFromUnitVectors(
+          new THREE.Vector3(0, 1, 0),
+          direction.clone().normalize(),
+        );
+        mesh.castShadow = true;
+        mesh.receiveShadow = true;
+        return mesh;
+      }
+
+      // 根据当前骨架范围调整相机目标。
+      function fitCamera(points) {
+        if (!points.length) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        const box = new THREE.Box3().setFromPoints(points);
+        const center = box.getCenter(new THREE.Vector3());
+        const size = box.getSize(new THREE.Vector3()).length();
+        controls.target.copy(center);
+        if (size > 0) {
+          camera.near = 0.01;
+          camera.far = Math.max(20, size * 18);
+          camera.updateProjectionMatrix();
+        }
+      }
+
+      // 清空三维分组。
+      function clearGroup(group) {
+        while (group.children.length > 0) {
+          const child = group.children.pop();
+          child.traverse((object) => {
+            if (object.geometry) {
+              object.geometry.dispose();
+            }
+          });
+        }
+      }
+
+      // 将当前 TCP 位姿写入逆解目标输入框。
+      function updateTcpTargetFromCurrent() {
+        if (!state.latestTcp) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        const [x, y, z] = state.latestTcp.position;
+        const [qx, qy, qz, qw] = state.latestTcp.orientation;
+        elements.targetX.value = Number(x).toFixed(6);
+        elements.targetY.value = Number(y).toFixed(6);
+        elements.targetZ.value = Number(z).toFixed(6);
+        elements.targetQx.value = Number(qx).toFixed(6);
+        elements.targetQy.value = Number(qy).toFixed(6);
+        elements.targetQz.value = Number(qz).toFixed(6);
+        elements.targetQw.value = Number(qw).toFixed(6);
+        drawTargetMarker(readTargetPose());
+      }
+
+      // 读取逆解目标输入框。
+      function readTargetPose() {
+        return {
+          position: [
+            Number(elements.targetX.value) || 0,
+            Number(elements.targetY.value) || 0,
+            Number(elements.targetZ.value) || 0,
+          ],
+          orientation: [
+            Number(elements.targetQx.value) || 0,
+            Number(elements.targetQy.value) || 0,
+            Number(elements.targetQz.value) || 0,
+            Number(elements.targetQw.value) || 1,
+          ],
+        };
+      }
+
+      // 绘制逆解目标点。
+      function drawTargetMarker(targetPose) {
+        clearGroup(targetGroup);
+        const marker = new THREE.Mesh(
+          new THREE.TorusGeometry(0.056, 0.004, 12, 48),
+          targetMaterial,
+        );
+        marker.position.fromArray(targetPose.position);
+        marker.rotation.x = Math.PI / 2;
+        targetGroup.add(marker);
+
+        const axes = new THREE.AxesHelper(0.18);
+        axes.position.fromArray(targetPose.position);
+        const q = targetPose.orientation;
+        axes.quaternion.set(q[0], q[1], q[2], q[3]).normalize();
+        targetGroup.add(axes);
+      }
+
+      // 渲染请求与响应 JSON。
+      function renderJson(request, response) {
+        if (request) {
+          elements.requestJson.value = JSON.stringify(request, null, 2);
+        }
+        if (response !== null) {
+          elements.responseJson.value = response
+            ? JSON.stringify(response, null, 2)
+            : "";
+        }
+      }
+
+      // 设置按钮忙碌状态。
+      function setBusy(isBusy, label) {
+        [
+          elements.initBtn,
+          elements.resetBtn,
+          elements.fkBtn,
+          elements.ikBtn,
+          elements.targetCurrentBtn,
+        ].forEach((button) => {
+          button.disabled = isBusy;
+        });
+        elements.applyIkBtn.disabled = isBusy || !state.latestIkJoints;
+        if (label) {
+          setStatus(label, null);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // 设置求解状态。
+      function setStatus(message, ok) {
+        elements.solverStatus.textContent = message;
+        elements.solverStatus.className =
+          ok === null ? "pill" : `pill ${ok ? "ok" : "error"}`;
+      }
+
+      // 显示错误状态。
+      function showError(error) {
+        const message = error?.message || String(error);
+        setStatus("请求失败", false);
+        elements.responseJson.value = message;
+        showToast(message);
+      }
+
+      // 显示短提示。
+      function showToast(message) {
+        elements.toast.textContent = message;
+        elements.toast.classList.add("show");
+        window.clearTimeout(showToast.timer);
+        showToast.timer = window.setTimeout(() => {
+          elements.toast.classList.remove("show");
+        }, 3600);
+      }
+
+      // 重置关节到零位。
+      async function resetJoints() {
+        state.joints = Array(jointCount).fill(0);
+        state.latestIkJoints = null;
+        elements.applyIkBtn.disabled = true;
+        syncJointControls();
+        await runForwardKinematics();
+      }
+
+      // 处理窗口尺寸变化。
+      function resizeRenderer() {
+        const rect = elements.canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
+        const width = Math.max(1, Math.floor(rect.width));
+        const height = Math.max(1, Math.floor(rect.height));
+        renderer.setSize(width, height, false);
+        camera.aspect = width / height;
+        camera.updateProjectionMatrix();
+      }
+
+      // 启动三维渲染循环。
+      function animate() {
+        resizeRenderer();
+        controls.update();
+        renderer.render(scene, camera);
+        window.requestAnimationFrame(animate);
+      }
+
+      elements.initBtn.addEventListener("click", initializeWasm);
+      elements.resetBtn.addEventListener("click", resetJoints);
+      elements.fkBtn.addEventListener("click", runForwardKinematics);
+      elements.ikBtn.addEventListener("click", runInverseKinematics);
+      elements.applyIkBtn.addEventListener("click", applyInverseSolution);
+      elements.targetCurrentBtn.addEventListener("click", updateTcpTargetFromCurrent);
+      [
+        elements.targetX,
+        elements.targetY,
+        elements.targetZ,
+        elements.targetQx,
+        elements.targetQy,
+        elements.targetQz,
+        elements.targetQw,
+      ].forEach((input) => input.addEventListener("change", () => drawTargetMarker(readTargetPose())));
+
+      createJointControls();
+      syncJointControls();
+      drawTargetMarker(readTargetPose());
+      animate();
+      initializeWasm();
+    </script>
+  </body>
+</html>
