diff --git a/web/src/pages/app/modules/folders.ts b/web/src/pages/app/modules/folders.ts
index e11c87a..4859f47 100644
--- a/web/src/pages/app/modules/folders.ts
+++ b/web/src/pages/app/modules/folders.ts
@@ -63,7 +63,8 @@ async function runFolderAction(action: () => Promise<void>) {
   }
 }
 
-export async function loadFolders() {
+export async function loadFolders(options: { reloadModels?: boolean } = {}) {
+  const reloadModels = options.reloadModels ?? true;
   const result = await api<FolderTreeResponse>("/api/folders");
   appState.folders = result.folders;
   const root = appState.folders.find((folder) => folder.parent_id === null);
@@ -125,8 +126,10 @@ export async function loadFolders() {
 
   if (appState.selectedFolderId) {
     $("#folderTree").on("ready.jstree", () => {
-      $("#folderTree").jstree(true).select_node(String(appState.selectedFolderId));
+      $("#folderTree").jstree(true).select_node(String(appState.selectedFolderId), true);
     });
   }
-  await loadModels();
+  if (reloadModels) {
+    await loadModels();
+  }
 }
diff --git a/web/src/pages/app/modules/models.ts b/web/src/pages/app/modules/models.ts
index 335fe20..cfbe68c 100644
--- a/web/src/pages/app/modules/models.ts
+++ b/web/src/pages/app/modules/models.ts
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ let dictionariesLoading: Promise<void> | null = null;
 let sceneModelBridgeBound = false;
 let pendingSceneModelRequestId = "";
 let pendingSceneModelRequestTimer: number | null = null;
+let visibleModels = new Map<number, ModelItem>();
 
 export function bindModelActions() {
   const isAdmin = getCurrentUser()?.role === "admin";
@@ -123,7 +124,7 @@ export function bindModelActions() {
   });
 }
 
-export async function loadModels() {
+export async function loadModels(options: { preserveCards?: boolean } = {}) {
   const grid = document.querySelector<HTMLDivElement>("#modelGrid");
   if (!grid || !appState.selectedFolderId) return;
   await loadDictionaries();
@@ -153,42 +154,85 @@ export async function loadModels() {
       await loadModels();
     }
   });
-  grid.innerHTML = result.items.map(renderModelCard).join("") || `<div class="empty-state">当前目录暂无模型</div>`;
-  grid.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>("[data-action='preview']").forEach((button) => {
-    const model = result.items.find((item) => item.id === Number(button.dataset.id));
-    if (model) {
-      button.addEventListener("click", async () => {
+  visibleModels = new Map(result.items.map((item) => [item.id, item]));
+  renderModelGrid(grid, result.items, options.preserveCards);
+  bindModelGridActions(grid);
+}
+
+function bindModelGridActions(grid: HTMLDivElement) {
+  if (grid.dataset.actionsBound === "true") return;
+  grid.dataset.actionsBound = "true";
+  grid.addEventListener("click", async (event) => {
+    const target = event.target instanceof Element ? event.target : null;
+    const button = target?.closest<HTMLButtonElement>("button[data-action][data-id]");
+    if (!button || !grid.contains(button)) return;
+    const id = Number(button.dataset.id);
+    const model = visibleModels.get(id);
+    try {
+      switch (button.dataset.action) {
+      case "preview": {
+        if (!model) return;
         const { openModelPreview } = await import("./preview");
         openModelPreview(model, loadModels);
-      });
+        break;
+      }
+      case "edit":
+        await editModel(id);
+        break;
+      case "import": {
+        if (!model) return;
+        const { createImportScenePayload, emitImportScenePayload } = await import("./preview");
+        const payload = createImportScenePayload({
+          model,
+          basePointEnabled: false,
+          basePoint: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0, rx: 0, ry: 0, rz: 0 },
+          selectedOperationIndex: null
+        });
+        emitImportScenePayload(payload);
+        notify("导入场景数据已输出");
+        break;
+      }
+      case "delete":
+        await deleteModel(id);
+        break;
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      notifyError(error);
     }
   });
-  grid.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>("[data-action='edit']").forEach((button) => {
-    button.addEventListener("click", () => editModel(Number(button.dataset.id)));
-  });
-  grid.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>("[data-action='import']").forEach((button) => {
-    const model = result.items.find((item) => item.id === Number(button.dataset.id));
-    if (!model) return;
-    button.addEventListener("click", async () => {
-      const { createImportScenePayload, emitImportScenePayload } = await import("./preview");
-      const payload = createImportScenePayload({
-        model,
-        basePointEnabled: false,
-        basePoint: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0, rx: 0, ry: 0, rz: 0 },
-        selectedOperationIndex: null
-      });
-      emitImportScenePayload(payload);
-      notify("导入场景数据已输出");
-    });
-  });
-  grid.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>("[data-action='delete']").forEach((button) => {
-    button.addEventListener("click", () => deleteModel(Number(button.dataset.id)));
-  });
 }
 
-async function reloadFoldersAndModels() {
+function renderModelGrid(grid: HTMLDivElement, items: ModelItem[], preserveCards = false) {
+  if (!preserveCards) {
+    grid.innerHTML = items.map(renderModelCard).join("") || `<div class="empty-state">当前目录暂无模型</div>`;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (items.length === 0) {
+    grid.innerHTML = `<div class="empty-state">当前目录暂无模型</div>`;
+    return;
+  }
+  const existingCards = new Map(
+    Array.from(grid.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>(".model-card[data-model-id]"))
+      .map((card) => [Number(card.dataset.modelId), card])
+  );
+  const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment();
+  for (const item of items) {
+    const existingCard = existingCards.get(item.id);
+    if (existingCard) {
+      fragment.append(existingCard);
+      continue;
+    }
+    const template = document.createElement("template");
+    template.innerHTML = renderModelCard(item).trim();
+    fragment.append(template.content);
+  }
+  grid.replaceChildren(fragment);
+}
+
+async function reloadFoldersAndModels(preserveModelCards = false) {
   const { loadFolders } = await import("./folders");
-  await loadFolders();
+  await loadFolders({ reloadModels: false });
+  await loadModels({ preserveCards: preserveModelCards });
 }
 
 async function loadDictionaries(force = false) {
@@ -786,5 +830,5 @@ async function deleteModel(id: number) {
   const confirmed = await confirmDialog("确认删除该模型？");
   if (!confirmed) return;
   await api(`/api/models/${id}`, { method: "DELETE" });
-  await reloadFoldersAndModels();
+  await reloadFoldersAndModels(true);
 }